Individuality and Community

Collin College English 1302 Individuality!!! No Wait Community!!!! As far back as time can go there has been the issue of individuality and community. To say the actual words together, individuality and community, the words themselves seem to be a paradox. In an earnest attempt to understand what those words mean in conjunction with race, social constructions, passions, and freedom, along with the intention of understanding the white moderate.As an outsider, I have been lead down a road that inevitably will be a dead end. However, this twisted mess of a road has had many pleasant and informative stops, some felt as if I was being invited to the family picnic on the fourth of July. Yet the next turn led me down a private darkened path. The journey has injured the heart, worn out the proverbial fingers, and enlightened me on several occasions. While I understand these issues, the complexity of it all may be explained by pure definition.The term â€Å"Community† in human communit ies, is intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs, risks, and a number of other conditions may be present and common, affecting the identity of the participants and their degree of cohesiveness. â€Å"Individuality† is the state or quality of being. Example: a person separate from other persons and possessing his or her own needs, goals, and desires. Individualism can be a gift or a curse depending on the context in which it occurs.Because modern society finds it important that people think independently, decide autonomously and take personal initiatives, the concept of individualism has acquired a positive connotation. However, individualism is also linked with the tendency to withdraw from social life and turn in towards oneself. All through history there have been struggles to â€Å"fit in† to be and individual while being part of the inclusive community. Yet to act as an individual, mainstream society will have a person thrown out of a community unless one conf orms to their ways.While in Don Marquis, â€Å"The Lessons of the Moth†, it states that the moth would rather fly straight into the flame even at the cost of his own life for true harmony and happiness verses sitting at a distance and watching. Does this leave the impression that the moth may never find happiness if he doesn’t change to and conform to what the â€Å"Community† wants? To say, one would commit suicide over such painful issues. What a dark dangerous path one must be on to end a life.In Richard Rodriguez’s â€Å"The Chinese in All of Us† He enlightens us all by stating â€Å"to choose or not to choose, and diversity is our strength† left me with the thought that while you have the choice to choose there is always a negative ramification if you choose incorrectly. With the example that in school he is made to speak up and look the teacher in the eye, yet, at home it is seen as disrespect to his father. What choice did he have he was in trouble either way he turned. He was forced to be multicultural, although to an extent he was also forced to hide each side from the other.While there are currently many different opinions about what it is to be an American. The words of our forefathers ring in our heads daily. Children start each school day by saying the pledge of allegiance. â€Å"One Nation under God with Liberty and Justice for All† are these words truthful? Because there has also been talk of the great melting pot of America, what does that really mean? Does it mean that no matter the color of one’s skin or ethnicity that we as Americans are free to make choices to choose whom we want to be? If we choice to be part of the community and be part of the common goal whatever that may be its ok.Whereas if the belief system is not the same as another person’s, this would not be a good fit into this one community. As an individual, one must then search for a new community. America is made u p of many communities and individuals sometimes it would appear that a community shoves an individual out to be the â€Å"Spokes Person† to see how other communities will react, if they react well then arms are open wide in a receptive welcome, as if an exit never happened. However if the words chosen are not receptive to the mainstream community, a person may be ousted or evicted from the community.Begin again, start a new journey. While reading John Hope Franklin’s essay â€Å"Train from Hate† may have started this journey into trying to figure out exactly what community and individuality is all about. Martin Luther King Jr’s â€Å"Letter from the Birmingham Jail† states repetitively that oppression must stop and that all were created equally his intensions are to protest in a nonviolent way, and that he is at his last resort to actually protest. He speaks of self-purification and desegregation all in the name of equality. Placing blame up the â €Å"white moderate†, which asI see to be the leadership of our country. It would be fair to say the moderate of our everyday life has been conformed in some way all for the greater good of community. There is no question that race is a part of the issue as well as stating religion the color of your eyes and your social status play a huge role. Whereas the most prominent sentence off all the stories I have read this past week one in particular has stood out. John Hope Franklins â€Å"Train from Hate† states the words all should live by, â€Å"Under No circumstance should I be upset or distressed because someone sought to demean me†(223).We are in a community of 1000’s of individuals. One could break these up into several categories male/female, black/white, religious or not the list is too long. Only you as an individual can decide what’s best for you either or. Works Cited â€Å"Abjection. † Wikipedia. org. Wikimedia. 20 Jan. 2013. Web. 17 F eb. 2013. â€Å"Community. † Wikipedia. org. Wikimedia. 20 Jan. 2013. Web. 17 Feb. 2013. Franklin, John Hope. â€Å"Train from Hate. † Reading Literature and Writing Argument 5th ed. Eds. Missy James and Alan P. Merickel. Boston: Pearson, 2013. 223-24. Print. â€Å"Individuality. Wikipedia. org. Wikimedia. 20 Jan. 2013. Web. 17 Feb. 2013. King, Martin Luther, Jr. â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail. † Reading Literature and Writing Argument 5th ed. Eds. Missy James and Alan P. Merickel. Boston: Pearson, 2013. 224-35. Print. Marquis, Don. â€Å"The Lesson of the Moth. † Reading Literature and Writing Argument 5th ed. Eds. Missy James and Alan P. Merickel. Boston: Pearson, 2013. 196-97. Print. Rodriguez, Richard. â€Å"The Chinese in All of Us. † Reading Literature and Writing Argument 5th ed. Eds. Missy James and Alan P. Merickel. Boston: Pearson, 2013. 242-48. Print.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD which is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is known as a condition that progressively makes it harder to breathe because the airflow into and out of the lungs is reduced. This usually occurs because the airways and air sacs lose their elastic quality, the walls between the air sacs are destroyed, the walls of the airways become swollen, or if the airways are clogged because they made more mucus than usual. Three main conditions of this disease are emphysema, chronic obstructive bronchitis, and asthma. Most patients who suffer from COPD also suffer from emphysema and chronic bronchitis as to why they are commonly just defined as COPD. The patients who experience one or more of these conditions usually find it even more difficult to breathe. It is known to be a major cause of disability, and the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. It is said that approximately 12 million people have been diagnosed with COPD while another 12 million may have it and don’t even know it. COPD is mostly caused by cigarette smoke; however, pipe, cigar, and other types of tobacco smoke, as well as, second-hand smoke can contribute to this disease. This disease can also be caused by inhalation of air pollution, chemical fumes or dust either in the workplace or from the environment. COPD is usually found in patients of at least 40 years of age; however, it may affect a patient younger if they happen to have the genetic condition, which is alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Alpha-1 antitrypsin is a protein made in the liver. This is an inherited deficiency that puts patients at a high-risk for lung disease. This deficiency occurs when the AAT proteins are not the right shape, which means they get trapped in the liver cells and cannot get into the bloodstream to travel to the lungs in order to protect them. Signs and symptoms of COPD are chest tightness, wheezing, shortness of breath, and also the â€Å"smoker’s cough. † The â€Å"smoker’s cough† is defined as an ongoing cough in which the patient produces large amounts of mucus. Severe COPD can cause symptoms such as weight loss and lower muscle endurance. If a patient is having a hard time catching their breath or talking, their not mentally alert, their heartbeat is very fast, their lips or fingernails turn gray, or blue or their recommended treatment which usually works isn’t work emergency treatment should be sought. If a doctor is attempting to diagnose COPD, he will first determine whether or not the patient is a smoker, then look into the patient’s family and medical history as well as their signs and symptoms. The doctor will also perform an auscultation using a stethoscope to listen for any wheezing or abnormal chest sounds. If the diagnosis process isn’t completed at that point, the doctor may then perform lung function tests. There are many different lung function tests; those are a spirometry, a peak flow meter, a lung volume measurement, a lung diffusion capacity, pulse oximetry, or an arterial blood gas test. A spirometry is a test to measure how much air you breathe in and out and how fast you blow it out. A peak flow meter is a small, hand-held device that shows how well air moves out of your lungs. A lung volume measurement like a spirometry measures how much air you can breathe in and out, however, it also measures the size of your lungs. A lung diffusion capacity determines how well oxygen passes through your lungs to your bloodstream. Last, are a pulse oximetry and an arterial blood gas test, both of these tests are used to see how much oxygen is in your blood. The arterial blood gas test is usually what is used to determine how severe your COPD condition is. After COPD is diagnosed, different treatments may be advised. There is no cure for this condition, but certain treatments may help a patient to feel better, remain more active and also keep their condition from progressing so fast. First, the doctor will tell you if you are a smoker the best thing to do is to quit. And, depending on the severity of your COPD your doctor may advise you to see a pulminologist, who is a doctor who treats patients with lung problems. Then, different medications may be prescribed such as bronchodilators, short-acting or long-acting again depending on the severity of the disease. Both are used to relax the muscles around your airways to help make breathing easier; however, short-acting is said to only last four to six hours, whereas, long-acting is said to last twelve hours or more. Most bronchodilators are used through metered-dose inhalers. Also, inhaled steroids may be prescribed to reduce the airways from swelling. Doctors will usually prescribe the steroid for a trial period of six weeks to three months. Other treatments to help this disease from progressing may be pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, and vaccines to prevent the patient from the pneumonia or the flu. Rarely, a patient may be advised to have surgery such as a bullectomy, which is a removal of one or more very large bullae of the lungs, a lung volume reduction surgery, which is used to removed damaged tissue from the lungs, or a lung transplant may also benefit patients who suffer from COPD. Although emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma are all conditions of this disease COPD, each condition affects the lungs slightly different. Emphysema is the condition that affects the lungs almost the same way because just like COPD it involves damage to the air sacs within the lungs; however, chronic bronchitis and asthma are different. Chronic bronchitis is known as a long-term inflammation of the bronchi, which causes increased mucus and other changes. Asthma occurs when the muscles in the bronchial tubes tighten and the airways become blocked by the extra mucus the airways are producing. Emphysema just like COPD is more progressive than chronic bronchitis or asthma. Patients with emphysema usually have shortness of breath and within later stages of the illness develop a chronic cough or sputum, whereas, patients with chronic bronchitis usually have a cough and develop sputum for many years before suffering from shortness of breath. And, for patients with asthma if proper treatments are followed then symptoms can be controlled. Causes of these conditions are also very similar. The most common cause for all of these conditions is smoking. The AAt deficiency can also play a role on patients who suffer from emphysema like COPD. Other causes for emphysema are known to be the HIV infection, as well as, connective tissue disorders. Other causes for chronic bronchitis can be from bacterial or viral infections. And, many different causes for asthma are airborne allergens, like pollen, mold, animal dander, dust mites, etc. , exercise-induced asthma, cold air, and certain medications, like beta-blockers, aspirin and other NSAID’s. It is said that the menstrual cycle in some women, as well as, the gastroesophageal reflux disease, which causes stomach acids to back up into the throat can lead to an asthma attack. And, allergic reactions to foods, like peanuts or shellfish can also cause an asthma attack. Symptoms of emphysema are known as a mild or chronic cough, loss of appetite and weight loss, and muscle fatigue. Symptoms for chronic bronchitis are known as a cough, spitting out of excess mucus, lips and skin may appear blue, abnormal lung signs, swelling of the feet, and heart failure. And, symptoms of asthma are chest tightness or pain, shortness of breath, a whistling or wheezing sound when exhaling, and trouble sleeping because of the shortness of breath, coughing, or wheezing. The diagnosis and treatments for both emphysema and chronic bronchitis are very similar as COPD, where pulmonary function tests, x-rays, and/or CAT scans may be performed to diagnose the condition. And different treatments may include bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, steroidal medications, and even possible lung surgery. Different procedures that may be used to diagnose the condition known as asthma are a methacholine bronchial challenge, where the patient inhales an asthma trigger called methacholine to mildly constrict the airways and a positive methacholine test will support the diagnosis. Another test is known as the nitric oxide test, which is used to measure the amount of nitric oxide you have in your breath. If your airways are inflamed, that is a sign of asthma. Medications that may be prescribed to treat asthma symptoms are inhaled corticosteroids, like Flovent Diskus, Pulmicort, Azmacort, Aerobid; Long-acting beta-2 agonists, which are long-acting bronchodilators; Leukotrine modifiers, theophylline. Also, short-acting bronchodilators may also be prescribed such as albuterol, atrovent, and oral and intravenous corticosteroids.

Sexism and the mythology of the weaker sex Essay

Sexism and the mythology of the weaker sex - Essay Example In the Ebony Magazine of August 1966, Era Bell Thompson evolved out with the article where she desperately and deliberately discussed the evolution of women as a ‘weaker sex’. In her article bearing the title, â€Å"What Weaker Sex† she ogles out her despair, â€Å"MEN CALL her a member of Weaker Sex and make exaggerated allowances for her family. They also sing songs to her fair beauty. Like a priceless vase, this gentle creature- so pure, so sweet, so untouchable was created to be worshipped from afar† (Ebony, 1966). The terms like, ‘weaker sex’, ‘second sex’ or ‘fairer sex’ has been assigned to the women only since ages. Men do not hold any special position in the literature, myth or folklore because he is common and general. This is not because, he is mundane but the reason for making women special, placing her on pedestal and chiming the songs of her beauty and aura is done with a vision to make her a piece from a esthetic cult or a toy to playful banter in the mighty hands of her master actually lies in the politics of dehumanizing her. History of the Idea of Women as Weaker Sex Depicting women as a feeble creature persisted since ages in the society. Women are undermined when it comes to the virtues like valor, strength or courage in present day society. If one focuses on the introspection of this mindset or thought process, one can easily come to the conclusion that over the ages a stereotype depiction of woman subjugated to the male member in the society has actually resulted in the culmination of this sort of idea for woman as a ‘ weaker sex.’ Women are not weak in physical or mental challenges. Yet, there are certain epithets like chivalry as and when was associated along the name of a woman, it has evolved out as an exemplary phenomena. And, it is a well accepted fact that exceptions cannot be considered as examples in society. Women were treated as a commodity and traces of women as a mode of exchange in the barter system evolves out in the research work of many scholars. They were slaves, and goods that can yield satisfaction or luxury since the ancient time already. Flesh trade is regarded as one of the most ancient occupations after agriculture and all these indicate to a trend where women were easily preyed and subjugated because they are physically weaker than the male members of the society. In the book, â€Å"Subordinated Sex: A History of Attitudes Toward Women† it is found that scholars have traced and argued the ancient way of acquiring a woman as wife and her position in the society. The book puts forward a very significant point where the exchange of money with bride is affirmed, â€Å"Some scholars have argued that the earliest form of marriage required the bridegroom to purchase his bride, emphasizing even further the woman as property† (Bullough, Shelton & Slavin, 2004). Exploration of Sexism over Time Peter Sterns argue s that in the pre-agricultural societies, women had the privilege of sharing same positions along with power with men. It was merely after the invent of agriculture, and invention of deskbound jobs that women were subjugated and men initiated the process of institutionalizing the

Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing - Research Paper Example Average consumers Another attribute that I would use to segment the market is by the level of the consumption by the consumers. Most particularly I would focus at needs of the teenagers who are key part that forms average consumers. In this regard, I will undertake an intensive advertisement especially via the social sites such as face book and twitter in order to capture the attention of the average consumers. Benefits One of the key aspects that I would consider in the product segmentation is the benefits provided by the product. TM new products will create a strong positive relationship with our consumers thus enhancing the sales and profitability of the company. Additionally, the new product will be a favorite brand for young people in colleges especially during social occasions. Usage Based on the usage of the brands, consumers of the soft drink can be classified into light, medium and heavy consumers. Task 2. Major segments of the soft drink product Based on the psychographic a spects described in task 1, this section identifies key segments that I will focus at in order to maximize the sales and the consumption of the TM new product. Fashionable brand conscious customers This is one of the major soft drink segments that include young people in colleges and universities. ... Average consumers are mostly pressurized to buy due to advertisement and intensive promotions. The major group under this category is the teenagers. Additionally, this group of consumers looks for quality and the ingredients that make up the brands that are useful in making them strong and energetic. In this regard, I will undertake an intensive advertisement especially via the social sites such as face book and twitter in order to capture the attention of the average consumers. Benefits As mentioned earlier, consumers are attracted by products that offer them maximum benefits. By ensuring that TM new product is effectively packaged and that customers will easily carry the products, a positive product-brand relationship will improve the profitability and the sales of the company. To ensure that our consumers are aware of the benefits of the new product, an extensive advertisement and adequate training of new and existing consumers will be carried out. Usage The new product will be di rected to average consumers. This is based on the fact that by ensuring the loyalty of the average consumers, the product will be highly demanded when the average consumers changes to heavy consumers. Task 3. Profile of each of the major segments Market segment Profile Fashionable brand conscious customers The new products needs to look attractive thus attracting the attention of the young consumers. Additionally, it will portray a feeling of coolness. Average consumers Consumers are teenagers who will be attracted by advertisement and promotions through social media including face book and twitter. More advertisement will be conducted before evening prime news in major TV channels. Benefits

Stem cell research and its future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stem cell research and its future - Essay Example It can find solutions for the devastating disease like cancer, Parkinson’s disease, diabetics, heart diseases, etc. Stem cell research is becoming a highly controversial subject at present because of the ethical and moral issues involved in it. Even though nobody has any doubt about the potential of stem cells in improving human life, plenty of sociologists, religious leaders and scholars have already questioned the logic of stem cell research. The discovery, isolation, and culturing of human embryonic stem cells will help the medical science to propose solutions to some of the serious health problems. At the same time, the killing of the embryo for the wellbeing of human is questioned by many people. Some people argue that embryonic stem cell research should be completely banned since it denies the natural right of the embryos to take birth in this world. On the other hand, supporters of embryonic stem cell research argue that embryos cannot be considered as complete human beings since the birth has not been taken place. In short, stem cell research is getting highly controversial as time goes o n. This paper analyses the future of stem cell research. According to Inou (p.2560), Neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimers’ are caused by problems in cortical neurons whereas in dementia, Lewy bodies, or frontotemporal lobar degeneration is causing the disease. Parkinson disease is caused by dopaminergic neurons whereas upper and lower motor neurons cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved its adult stem cell protocol to conduct Phase I clinical trials to treat Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease) and TCA Cellular Therapy. This is the second FDA-approved protocol for the treatment of ALS using stem cells in the country; and the first using adult stem cells from the same patient. The aim of the Phase I study is to assess safety of IND 13729, as a stem cell therapy for

Reflection on Leadership Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reflection on Leadership - Coursework Example Such a position demanded a competitive individual with high potential leadership, in training, experience and passion. The organisation was at the pioneer in an already saturated market. To maintain the position was receiving challenges daily and required leadership with a vision and mission as lain down in the organization’s statements. For this reason, desperate job seekers were not to be entertained in the application for the position, which made it vital to inform the interested persons through the job advert about particulars of the position. Secondly, it is a requirement legally with the consequence of familiarising the potential candidates with information relevant to their job, as well as, their expected responsibilities (Torrington et al. 2005). With this regard, the organisation had no choice but to follow the legal requirements. On this note, it is necessary to reflect on the nature of leisure centre undertakings, as there are scores of organizations offering such s ervices, but in illegitimate grounds. Such organisations stretch their operations to compromised levels, a fact that the general public is aware of. To avoid any suspicions and any doubts on the part of our potential candidates for the job offer, we had to lay down the job expectations. Lastly, the job description was an indispensable tool to us as the pioneers of the organisation. At the drawing board, we realised that, by describing the job to be carried out by the management we wanted to employ in the organization, it simplified the task of putting down the information needed by the job advertisement. Equally, the job description went deeper than just the title level; it enhanced the possibilities of obtaining competitive candidates (Torrington et al. 2005). At this point, it became handy to give the description of the job as Sports Facilities Manager in the sports department. The location of our organisation was also provided as Hatfield. Moreover, the responsibilities of the ma nager were provided as responsibility of supervision and management of our organisation besides assisting in the creation and development of the Leisure centre’s annual budget. With duties of facility planning, Inclusive of facility redesign, constructions, buying or selling together with leasing of sports facilities and supervision of the facilities, the manger had to be experienced. The manager was to be custodial over crews and staff, as well. There was the need to maintain clarity in the selection criteria to be subjected to the candidates so as to prevent hesitant selection decisions. In addition, explicit selection criteria assist in defining the most suitable procedure as well as the approach to the selection process. Therefore, at this juncture, it was necessary to compare the available theories in the selection criteria. In our case, selection criteria that are typically obtained in the nature of a person specification according to Torrington et al. (2008), was worth y to note. This was because person specification offers another recruitment’s key document aside of the job description. The crucial note with the personal selection criteria is its ability to define the ideal candidate profile negating the characteristics that could never be met fully. In agreement with Porter,

Pagiarism and Paraphrasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pagiarism and Paraphrasing - Essay Example Additionally, the student starts the sentence as the original sentence without the use of alternative words and relevant connecting words to make the idea original. In their submission, the student could have paraphrased the sentence as follows: given the fact that studies in the biomedical field demand strict obedience to the rules and regulations and the fact that several peers review studies under the field, it is still not enough to give full credit to a scholarly work without due diligence (Crossen, 1994). This sentence is original and much better and thus meets the acceptable standards of plagiarism because although it expresses the same ideas, it uses completely different wording. A second sentence in the passage that has some element of plagiarism in it is the last phrase that goes, ‘and â€Å"buffing† the results by showing them in the best light’. Evidently, the student has again lifted the whole phrase from the original text but has only adjusted the wo rding at a minimal level that still constitutes plagiarism. In a correctly paraphrased text, the student could have stated that ‘the biomedical scholars ought to present their results as they are and not alter them to suit the acceptable scenarios.O’Conner (2003) argued that the art of extensive writing and reading ought to be the hobby of any writer who wishes to excel in the field. Indeed, most writers tend to put information across some of which may not be palatable to some users due to their complexity or the unacceptability of the information relayed.... o the rules and regulations, and the fact that several peers review studies under the field, it is still not enough to give full credit to a scholarly work without due diligence (Crossen, 1994). This sentence is original and much better and thus meets the acceptable standards of plagiarism because although it expresses the same ideas, it uses completely different wording. A second sentence in the passage that has some element of plagiarism in it is the last phrase that goes, ‘and â€Å"buffing† the results by showing them in the best light’. Evidently, the student has again lifted the whole phrase from the original text but has only adjusted the wording at a minimal level that still constitutes plagiarism. In a correctly paraphrased text, the student could have stated that ‘the biomedical scholars ought to present their results as they are and not alter them to suit the acceptable scenarios (Crossen, 1994). Again, this is now more appropriate and can qualify as an acceptable paraphrase. References Top of Form Bottom of Form Crossen, C. (1994). Tainted: The manipulation of fact in America. New York: Touchstone, pp. 166-167. Assignment 2: Paraphrasing O’Conner (2003) argued that the art of extensive writing and reading ought to be the hobby of any writer who wishes to excel in the field. Indeed, most writers tend to put information across some of which may not be palatable to some users due to their complexity or the unacceptability of the information relayed. This notwithstanding, the writer should always ensure that their pieces of work are simple but precise as to convey their ideas in not only accurate manner but also appealing manner especially to their preferred readers. References O’Conner, P. (2003). Woe is I: The grammarphobe’s guide to better English

Environmental policies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Environmental policies - Research Paper Example On the other hand, the rule of Mao was succeeded by a period of first even more massive suffering but also later the unprecedented turnaround in the economy with a formerly agricultural and inward-looking country economy reversing its trajectory and coming to grow into four times what it was during the time of Mao to what it ended up becoming by the turn of the new millennium. Living standards skyrocketed, and China's economic boom resulted in the creation of a large middle class who consumed products that were in line with the rapidly rising incomes of the new rich: cars and the other symbols of wealth. This in turn has led to problems with the environment, as the economic growth spurred the consumption of oil and coal to power industries that manufactured goods for the rest of the world and to power domestic consumption as well. Other manufacturing-related processes also bred other forms of toxins to the environment as well as razed some vital ecologies into the ground in the name of progress and consumption as well. A telling set of statistics on the role that China plays in the global ecology versus economic equation is that it leads the world both in the production and consumption of energy, and that out of its total energy requirements,two-thirds are supplied by fossil fuels, with a substantial portion likewise supplied by nuclear power plants. These two power sources have implications for the state of the world ecology and for the sustainability of energy generation policies relative to the environment (Central Intelligence Agency). Taking a step back, the prominent role of China in the world economy and in the way their activities impact the environment have not gone unnoticed and have attracted the intense scrutiny of those who are natural stakeholders in the state of the world ecology and the environment, and that this intense scrutiny has provided a growing body of literature on the environmental policies of China. From the state of the nation's soil s and water supplies, to the examination of how China's environmental policies have attracted investments in their laxness, to aspects of policy relating to the environment versus the rise of cities, it is clear from the academic research that the concern over the environment in China is intense and far-reaching (Wei and Yang; Dean, Lovely and Wang; Vennemo et al.. Hubacek et al.). The consensus, even inside China and among China's ruling elite, is that current environmental policies and economic activities are harming China's future and are jeopardizing prospects for a sustainable future for the country, with the state of the environment characterized by rising levels of pollution that have implications for larger realities like climate change and the very viability of the way of life of the Chinese, and the long-term health prospects of its citizens (Volcovici, Grumbine; Friedman; Phillips; Duggan; Biello; The Economist Newspaper Limited; TV Novosti). II. Environmental Policies in

Essay, Consumer Psychology (Beer Industry Chosen) Essay

, Consumer Psychology (Beer Industry Chosen) - Essay Example One fact has remained steady and that is the beer consumer. In recent years, however, there has been a decline in beer consumption due to a variety of reasons, most obvious of which is the evolving consumer behaviour. This essay will identify some important and noteworthy behaviours of beer consumers that have been observed or found through literature reviews. The second section of the paper will attempt to interpret the behaviours into known consumer behaviour concepts for better understanding. The final part will convert the interpretations for the use of marketers in the development and planning of campaigns to satisfy these needs of the customers. Picture a roomful of men, sitting in front of the Sony Bravia TV to watch the latest English Premier League game, after a long, tiring day. Their wives and children are supping or sleeping peacefully at home but tonight is the boys’ night out. Somebody has just ordered Dominos pizza and the men are all sitting with camaraderie, joking and laughing loudly together. To complete this scene there is only one thing needed: beer. If we take the definition of Consumer Behaviour to be, â€Å"the decision process and physical activity individuals engage in when evaluating, acquiring, using or disposing of goods and services† (Loudon, p5), then the above, a typical scenario involving loyal beer consumers, can be broken down into distinct steps, each signifying one aspect of the consumer’s behaviour with regards to beer usage and consumption: 1. Evaluating: As the boys will get together and there will be carefree banter and fun, there has to be an activity (watching sports on a big screen TV like the Bravia), a venue (the living room), participants (all the five or six men), food (pizza by Dominos as all the ‘boys’ like it) and drink (which has to be beer). What can be derived from this is that when adults are relaxing and in the mood to have fun, they will likely want beer. 2. Acquiring: Getting

Database Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Database Security - Essay Example These security controls may be technical, administrative, logical or physical. The vulnerability to the database security include unauthorized access by hackers or outside attacks or misuse by authorized personnel which are database users, administrators or system managers. A malware infection may cause unauthorized access to the database and may compromise its integrity and confidentiality via leakage of details deletion or permanent damage. This may also include denial of access to authorized users or a denial of service attack. Overloads or inefficient performance constraint may compromise database integrity and the data might be susceptible to damage physically (earthquakes, fire, flood) and should be provided with adequate physical protection or have proper backup. Design flaws and invalid data entry can also compromise the integrity and reliability of the database servers. Database Reliability Reliability of a database means that the database provides services for a significant ly long period of time without any fail. It is because database may include data from different sources and a reliable access should be prudent for the database users. Key business data and process information is usually stored in databases and it is very important of DBMS users to have the data protected so that the data accessed is reliable. For this several security measures can be made in order to prevent databases from losing important data through damage or loss (Basta & Zgola. 2011). Database Integrity Database integrity refers to the consistency and the accuracy of data within the database and data warehouse systems. Data integrity is often times dubbed as data quality and data with integrity and a whole structure. There are various types of data integrity that is associated with databases. Physical integrity of a database refers to the immunity of a database system to physical damages such as power failures, earthquakes, floods etc. and that the database can easily be recon structed in case of such catastrophe. Logical integrity of a database is equally vital as its physical counterpart and it entails that a database structure must be preserved and it is evident by the logical integrity of the structure when changes to one field do not put a cascading effect on other fields of the database. For example, the data in each element must be accurate, the data is auditable, there is access control for unauthorized personnel, users are correctly identified and the database must be available for the authorized personnel. Auditability of a databases addresses with the monitoring of who or what accesses the data base or has modified the database itself. Other data base integrity constraints include referential integrity and domain integrity. To ensure data integrity, data values are first standardized using specific data models or types. For this it is important that the data is complete in its business relations, functions, rules and dates and it is protected. Data integrity can also be implemented through other ways than database security where different error checking and validations must be checked in order to provide accuracy of data. For example, a numerical value in the in a date of hiring cannot be one that is ahead of the system date. In its realization, data

The Effect of Deregulation Policies Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Deregulation Policies Essay 1.1 Background of the study Organization, corporations or establishment, just like the governments are governed by rules and regulations, in the same way every economy set out goals, which it achieves, through various means. Vibratory and fiscal policies are the stimulant to any nation economic development, especially with regards to Nigeria. However, in this study, the attention of this is mainly on the influence of deregulation on banks profitability in Nigeria. The discussion on the deregulation can be effectively carried out without understanding what monetary policy is all about. In this content, monetary policy could be defined as a policy which deals with discretionary control of money supply by the monetary authorities in order to achieve stated economic goal of society. The performance of the Nigeria economy has on the decline for a long time now. However the central bank has been issuing series of policies through which she tries to stabilize price in the country. The central bank which came into operation since 1959, has introduced monetary measures for the achievement of the national economic objectives, which range from the maintenance of a health balance of payment control or moderation of inflation through the acceleration of the peace of the economic development to the stabilization of the exchange rate of naira with foreign currencies. Deregulation could be defined as the removal of the unnecessary control which tends to inhabit or prevent the effective and efficient programme of economic and business activities. The regulators and deregulation in the banking sector/ industry have favored some banks while some other banks could not stand the weir of constant changes in the monetary and banking policies. However, deregulation goes with its merit which includes; the removal of inhibiting controls on economic activities, encouragement on investment and assurance of efficient allocation of resources. Over the years, Nigeria economic has witnessed changes in its economic policies. These changes have been carried out by the government and the monetary, growth and development these changes in policies have taken different sectors of the economy, directly including the banking industry. The financial sector and the banking industry in particular, due to its critical position and functions in the economy, have been the major focus of economic reforms. Reforms in the banking industry have taken the form of regulation and presently deregulation prior to 1952: banking industry was devoid of government interference this period regarded by financial operation and analysis as the era of free banking. It was characterized by free entry and exit with minimum of regulated of activities of operations. However, the laissez fair attitude contribution to early bank failure experienced in the industry between the activation of banks given its role as financial intermediaries (claiming saving to investments) in order to build a second and viable financial system. Also, regulation is used to correct distortions in the pricing mechanism of market forces. The country of the activity of the Nigerian banking industry stated with the enactment of the banking ordinance of 1952, which was followed by the central bank act of 1958, the exchange control act of 1962 and the banking act of 1969, the aims of regulation and economic efficiency and effective allocation of resources sometimes, the aims are not fully realized and experience has shown, especially in developing countries, that exclusive control by the stagnation. This is what happened in Nigeria in the early 2008 when the country was facing economic crisis of general rise in price of goods and services, unemployment, external debt problem , fall in total output and dividing revenue caused by fall in oil price. In other to overcome these economic crisis the country in 2007 to 2009, adopted a form of structural adjustment program (sap) with the objective of sustaining economic growth and development, price stability, exchange rate stability, prevention of unemployment and appreciable if not level of employment. These objectives were to be achieved through a determined price system and deregulation of economy. Deregulation is regarded as a major policy or strategy for revitalizing the economy. This is based on the fact that determination which embraces the removal of inhabiting controls on business and economic activities, will encourage competition, increase the level of investment and efficient allocation of resources. The financial sector and the banking industry in particular regarded as the oil that keeps the wheels of economy moving, has continued to experiences the force of deregulation in different areas of it operations. The deregulation of the industry started in 1987, with the liberalization of interest rate. The reform exercise has affected other areas of banking activities, against this background. The study will focus on the deregulation on the banking industry, process of deregulation, dimensions of deregulation, evaluation of reforms and effects on the banking industry. In the process of analysis, reference will be on the zenith Bank plc and Diamond Bank plc. 1.2 Statement of the problem: The banking industry, due to its intricate nature has been encountering problems, such as capital inadequacies, excessive liquidity, bank distress and subsequent legibility in order to minimize and eradicate most of these shortcomings there have been constant manipulations of strategies with the aim of strengthening the base of the banking industry. To overcome the above mentioned problems, then these questions will be considered:- i. How has regulation and subsequent deregulation affected the performance of the banking industry? ii. Have the banks performed better in term of profitability maximization of customer’s welfare and shareholders wealth as well as affected the economy positively under deregulation. iii. Should deregulation be supplemented with regulation in order monetary authorities to be able to achieve their aim and objective? In other to achieve the government objectives, monetary policies and other banking regulations must be implemented. The banking industry which is a major participant in the implementation of government regulation and deregulation faces some problems in its performance which for their study is measured in terms of profitability. This research therefore is to evaluate the impact of deregulation policies on profitability of banks in Nigeria. 1.3 Purpose of the study. The writers want to ascertain the effect of deregulation on the performance of banks, particularly on their profitability. The study will deal at length with the various Operational component of the banking activities which deregulation has affected. The study is aimed at i. Investigating the need for changes in banking deregulation policies. ii. Investigating the range of policies, that has been implemented within the period of study (1999-2009). iii. Determine the instruments of banking deregulations that should be used to ensure profitability and growth in the banking industry. To enhance the study, zenith bank plc and diamond bank plc will be used as reference banks. 1.4 Statement of hypothesis Ho: Deregulation has no direct effect on banks profitability H1: Deregulation has direct effect on banks profitability. 1.5 The scope of the study. The study covers the period of deregulation in the country but with in- depth study of what happen in the banking industry between 1999-2009. The activities of the supervisory and regulating authorities, during their period will also be examined, As well as how deregulation of the industry has affected profitability of the banks. The commercial banks selected for study are zenith bank plc and diamond bank plc. The choice of this bank is necessary since they have passed through all the area of banking policies in the country. 1.6 The significance of the study. Banks, be they commercial, deregulation or mortgage in every economy, ensure that profit is made through their credit facilities, as a result of the prevailing regulations, instituted by the regulatory authorities. This work will go a long way by helping the banks know the appropriate time to give loans. Also, it is the belief of the research to the already existing literature on the impact of deregulation policy on the profitability of the banks in Nigeria. Moreover, this work will have positive influence on educational studies and will aid other researches 1.7 Definition of terms i. Deregulation: is the removal or simplification of government rules and regulations that constrain the operation of market forces. In other word is the reduction or elimination of government power in a particular industry usually enacted to create more competition within the industry? ii. Policy: a policy is typically described as a deliberate plan of action to guide the decision and achieve rational outcome. iii. Profitability: profit generally is the making of gain in business activity for the benefit of the owners of the business. iv. Banks: a bank is a financial intermediary that accepts deposit and channels. Banks are a fundamental component of a financial system and are also active player in an economic. v. Economy: Economies consist of the economic system of a country or other area, the labour capital and land resources, and the economic agent. vi. Rationale: the term rationale may refer to as the explanations on the basis or fundamental reasons for something. A justification or rationalization. vii. Interest rate: an interest rate is the price a borrower paid for the use of money they borrow from the lender, for instance a small company might borrow capital from bank. viii. Structural adjustment program: is an economic policy which countries must follow in other to qualify for new World Bank and international monetary fund CHAPTER TWO Literature Review 2.1 Introduction Over the years many outstanding scholars have conducted extensive studies on deregulation policies and financial system. In this chapter the researcher discusses briefly some of existing literature on deregulation policies and financial system. This chapter covers the overview of the Nigeria financial system, the Nigeria Banking system, an overview of commercial banking in Nigeria, problem of deregulation policies and lot more. 2.2Overview of the Nigeria financial system. The Nigeria financial system could be seen or defined as a set of rules, regulations, financial arrangements, institutions, agent and other mechanism whereby they relate to each other within the financial sector and the rest of other sectors of the economy†. Furthermore, financial system could be defined as a conglomerate of various institutions, market, instruments and operations interact within any economy to provide financial services (CBN 98/06 pi). These services provided may include resource mobilization and allocation, financial intermediate trade among others. In Nigeria, the financial system has undergone remarkable changes in terms of ownership structure, the instruments employed, the number of institution established, the economic environment and the regulatory framework within which the system operates the Nigerian financial system is made up of regulatory/supervisory authorities as well as banks and non-bank financial institutions. The federal ministry of finance(FMF), central bank of Nigeria (CBN), Nigeria deposit insurance co-operation (SEC), national insurance commission (NIC), federal mortgage bank of Nigeria (FMB.N) and the national board for community banks (NBCB) are the regulatory and supervisory authorities, in Nigeria through the CBN report to the presidency through the federal ministry of finance in all monetary matter it has effectively assumed the leadership of all banking institutions in the financial system. To this effect, the CBN has the responsibility for the control and supervision of all commercial, merchant and co mmunity banks, people banks finance house, development banks and all discount house and other (ibid ppi-2) In recent times, the Nigeria financial system has witnessed some changes. Among these changes were financial malpractices in banks decree no.8 of 1994. The decree was promulgated to facilitate the prosecution of those who contribute to the failure of banks and to recover the debits used to the failed banks. Also, the inauguration of the financial services regulatory coordinating committee (FSRCC) by the central bank of Nigeria in 1994 to coordinate and standardize the regulatory policies of all financial institutions in the system. This committee is to ensure some level of co-operation among the regulatory agencies. However, in 1995 above, three (3) decrees were promulgated to further regulate the financial system. These were the money laundering decree, the Nigeria instrument promotion commission decree and the foreign exchange (monitoring and miscellaneous provision) i.e Decree no.3, no16, no17 respectively. The aim of decree no.3 is to prevent drug money and other illegally required asset from entering into the financial system, so that the damaging effect of such monetary injection is forestalled. This decree stipulated limited amount of cash dispositions or payment to be made or accepted in our banks to N500, 000 (five hundred thousand Naira) for an individual and N 2,000,000 (two million Naira) for a corporate entity, unlike the institution before this decree when one was forced to pay in or withdraw any amount of cash from the bank. The Nigerian investment promotion commission is challenged with the responsibility of encouraging. Promoting and co-coordinating investment activities in Nigeria. The commission is also empowered to institute and support the measures that would enhance the investment conditions for both Nigeria citizens and foreign investors too. On the other hand, the foreign exchange decree no.17 answers the CBN with the approval of the finance minister to issue guideline to regulate the producers for transaction in the ministry to market as well as other matter, which may enhance the effective operations of the market. The decree provides for any convertible foreign currency to be traded in the foreign exchange market. In 1994, the central bank of Nigeria –CBN decree no25 both of 1991 was amended. This includes the withdrawal of autonomy of the CBN with its supervision placed under the federal ministry of finance. The power of the CBN over the financial system was enhanced by this decree. This decree, also fixed the minimum capital requirement of both commercial and merchant banks at a uniform level of N 500m.(five hundred million naira) instead of the former N50m (Fifty million Naira) and N 40m (forty million naira) for commercial and merchant banks respectively. In addition, the Nigerian deposit insurance corporation (NDIC) decree no 22 of 1988 was amended to give more power to the corporation to deal with insured banks and act independently of CBN on matters affecting banks. 2.3 The Nigeria banking system Many countries of the world have for a long time now recognized the importance of banking services in the promotion of economic growth. In fact, to have a firm control of the economy, the entire financial system must be under control. In this order, a body, an entity or an agency must be in charge. In Nigeria, the central bank of Nigeria-CBN is the main organization that supervises the operation of the financial system; the CBN act of 1958 commenced its operations on 1st July, 1959 with the sole aim of making the monetary policies of the country. The CBN is the apex bank, the lender of last resort, banker’s bank, and it is responsible for the regulation of the entire banking operations. All these functions and more are being performed with directives from the presidency through the federal ministry of finance and in collaboration with Nigerian deposit insurance corporation (NDIC). One of the principle objectives of the CBN is to promote monetary stability and soundness of the financial system. To actualize this, CBN conducts regular supervision and examination of banks as a means of maintaining surveillance on banking operation to ensure compliance to decree spelt out by the industry authorities (CBN 2007). On the hierarchy of monetary management, the apex bank (CBN) comes first, then followed by other banks. These banks include commercial banks, merchant banks, development banks, people’s bank and community banks, amongst others. The peoples banks, has continue to increase in number from the date of establishment and as at 1996, the number of branches has come up to 175. The micro-finance bank is a self-sustaining or a group of communities. All the community banks are under the regulatory supervisory control of started in December 1990. As at 1996, the central bank of Nigeria (CBN) had given provisional license to 1366 community banks. The above is an x-ray of the banking industry in the country. An overview of commercial banking in the country is therefore relevant for a thorough understanding of the research. 2.4 An overview of commercial Banking In Nigeria A commercial bank could be defined according to section 41, subsection (1) Of the Nigerian banking decree of 1964, and paragraph (a) as â€Å"any person who transacts banking business in Nigeria and whose business includes the acceptance of deposits, withdraws able by cheque† The possession of a valid license duly granted by the commission of companies, duly incorporated in Nigeria is also a prerequisite for the transaction of banking business. Commercial banks are dual intermediaries in the domestic and international spheres. At the domestic level, the banks mobilize fund from the surplus sector or unity of the economy and at the international level, they provide the channel through which foreign exchange is transferred to or received from other countries of the world in the settlement of international transactions. Commercial banks are different from other banks because of the nature of services they render to their customers, which commercial banks started operation in 1982 and performed some functions. These Functions include acceptance of deposits, granting of loans and advances, the operation of payment and settlement mechanism. Merchant bank on their own are wholesale banks that take deposit and carter for need of corporate and institutional customers. Their main role is to provide a medium for long term financing by engaging in a activities such as equipment, leasing, loaning, syndication, debt factoring project financing. The first merchant bank in Nigeria is the Nigeria acceptance limited (NAL). This bank started operates in 1960. However, by December, 1996, there were about 51 merchant banks, with about 147 branches nationwide, while their total asset amounted to 111,206.9million compared with 91,803 million in 1995 (CBN OPP.5). On the other hand, the development bank in the country including the Nigeria Industrial Development Bank (NDIB) was established in 1964 to provide credit and other facilities to industries, especially to medium and large scale enterprises. The Nigeria bank for commerce and industry (NBCI) come into existence as a result of the promulgation of decree 22 of 1973, with the aim of developing indigenous enterprises particularly, the small and medium scale once. The Nigeria agriculture and commercial bank was established in 1973 mainly to financed agricultural development project and allied industries, Decree No22 of 1990 establish the people’s bank. The bank was ear-marked by the federal government in 1988 budget with an initial allocation of N 30m, through with legal statute in 1990. The bank was established to meet the credit needs of small borrowers who cannot satisfy the stringent collateral requirement being demanded by other banks. Other banks cannot do. These are the acceptance of saving account, current account and fixed deposit account from individuals, retail and corporate customers and the payment and collection of cheques. The service which commercial banks and other banks perform includes discounting of bills, undertaking of executorships and trustee services, safe custody of securities and other valuables. Commercial banks in the country have continued to dominate banking sector accounting for 82.6% and 90.4% of the banking industries total asset and deposit liabilities, respectively in 1996. The introduction of the structural adjustment programme (SAP) in 1987 brought about the establishment of many banks in the country and made banking business a lucrative nature. As at 1996, there were about 64 commercial banks in Nigeria with 2,402 branches as against 30 banks with 2397 in 1986. (CBN OPCIT P, E).The reason for this rapid growth is due to the introduction of SAP which led to the gradual deregulation of the economy. The increased number of banks notwithstanding, a significant proportion of the liabilities and assets of all commercial banks in Nigeria are still in the hand of 3 big banks (first bank, union bank, zenith bank and).since the event of global meltdown, they are the only banks in Nigeria capable to declared dividend. The control of the banking sector is in their hands and the rate at which they feel the impact of the monetary policies, bank regulation and deregulation would range from those of the smaller banks and the new generation banks. 2.5Monetary Policies in Nigeria Monetary policies could be seen as one of the policy tools available to the managers of the economy. It involves the variation in credit conditions- cost availability, impact with a view to achieving the economic objectives such as price stability that is prevention of inflation or deflection (as the case may be), economic growth and development, balance of payments equilibrium, high level of employment and equitable distribution of income. In other words, monetary policy could be defined as the regulation of the supply of money and bank credit for the promotion of selected economic objectives. According to Hanson (2007) â€Å"The purpose of monetary policy is to influence the supply of money in order to expand or contract the volume of the purchasing power in the volume of the purchasing power in the country. He went further to say that an increase in the volume of purchasing power is expected to stimulate demand and investment, increase output and reduce unemployment. The policies used by each country are varied in accordance with some economic laws, aimed at steering the economy towards a desired direction. However, these and other government directives or pronouncement are among the banking and deregulation policies.

Paul Hindemith Sonata For Flute And Piano Film Studies Essay

Paul Hindemith Sonata For Flute And Piano Film Studies Essay J.S.Bach: Sonata in G minor, for flute and obbligato harpsichord. In a famous remark about J.S.Bach, Beethoven said he should be named Sea instead of Bach, because of his infinite, inexhaustible wealth in tone combinations and harmonies. These virtues are also deployed in his flute sonatas, each with a unique melodic contour and character. Bach was often criticized for being abstruse and redundantly complex, but he was able to prove through his work that he was, and would remain, a great pioneer. The special importance of his chamber music, in which he demonstrated a deep knowledge of the typical idioms and performing techniques of each instrument, was recognized at a very early age. Bach is generally described as a rather austere personality, but that may be the result of a lack of information complementing his character, deemed unfitting for archival storage. The first use of the transverse flute in Bachs works was in Cantata no 137a, performed in 1722, in Cà ¶then for the birthday of Prince Leopold, with whom Bach maintained very good relations. Many significant works, such as the first book of the well-tempered Clavier, cello suites and probably some of the flute sonatas (they are dated between 1720 and 1741), were also composed during the time he spent there, exploiting the qualities and extended experience attained at the Weimar court. It was a period when the transverse flute, technically more advanced, began gaining ground against its rival, the recorder, and when J.Quantz started making it widely famous. The flutists of that era seemed to manifest a particular dexterity, equivalent to that, required not only in the flute sonatas, but also in other flute parts of many of the composers works, such as the cantatas and passions. In one of Bachs biographies, published in 1802, by Forkel, the latter states that the flute sonatas even in our days†¦would be heard by connoisseurs with pleasure. This particular work raises a controversial issue about its paternity. Bachs authority regarding the piece started to become questioned during the third decade of the 20th century. Scholars expressed certainty that Bachs son, Carl Phillip Emmanuel, is the composer of this sonata (the dominant consensus today), but until today, no assumption has been unquestionably proved and no explanation has been given as to why an aspiring composer like C.P.Emanuel would attribute this work to his father without any plausible reason. A recent study, by Keiichi Kubota, speculates that the g minor sonata is the result of a collaborative work between Bach and his son (the latter ascribing authority to his father). The sonata is played today by both violinists and flutists, as it is believed that the piece may have been written initially for violin, as supported in many published articles. Its form is that of the Italian concerto, lively-slow-lively, which reminds the listener of the significant influence of Vivaldi and Italian music to Bach. G.Faurà ©: Fantaisie pour flute et piano, op. 79 Flute has always been associated with France, a relation that is firmly built upon the particular interest of French composers and performers in this technically developed instrument, especially around the turn of the 19th century. Paris stood in the forefront of musical processes at the time, and served as an incubator for new composers and performers, who formed the new trends. Gabriel Faurà ©, a composer, organist, pianist, choirmaster and teacher, is one of the most important French figures of the turn of the 20th century, characterized by Debussy as the master of charms. He was fortunate enough to be a student and later friend of Saint-Saà «ns, at the Ecole Niedermeyer, where he was sent, after his father realized the unique talent of his son. His style, multi-faceted and resourceful, continued to evolve until the composers death, in 1924. For that reason, putting labels on Faurà ©s music can never be precise. His artistic hallmark is regarded as the bridge between Romanticism and Modernism and at the time of his death the second Viennese School was beginning to emerge. He was always self-critical (to the extent of discarding some of his already composed work) and pursued unremitting productiveness. His harmonic and melodic creativeness paved the road for new musical trends and made his style an inextricable element of future teaching of harmony and composition. Faurà © composed the Fantaisie for flute and piano, in 1898, upon a commission from his friend and colleague, P.Taffanel, who was a professor at the Conservatoire of Paris, and to whom the piece is dedicated (later Faurà © would be appointed director of the Conservatoire). This piece was to be used for the annual introductory exams (Concours). Faurà ©, being among the first composers to be commissioned for the morceau de concours, confessed to Saint-Saà «ns in a letter, that this piece constituted a real challenge for him. He sent it to Taffanel asking him to amend any parts that were not appropriate for the flute. Faurà © incorporated the Andante of the Fantaisie to his incidental music, performed in London for the Maeterlinks play, Pellà ©as et Mà ©lisande. This piece, which is dedicated to Taffanel, sets out to explore flutes full potential, by extending to all three registers, covering all of the Romantic instruments range. The performer is required to demonstrate wealth and diversity in his expression and sound, in his effort to trace the unfolding melody. Observation of the piano part reveals the prominence of the instrument in Faurà ©s mentality. It is perceived not merely as an accompanying instrument, but rather as an equal partner, contributing to the melodic and rhythmic development of the piece. Together with the flute they make use of an extensive expressional quiver, alternating staccatos with long legato phrases, as after a sicilienne-like introduction, an increasing complexity in the instruments parts is combined with sudden dynamic changes. Fantasia also exists in an orchestral version. This was realized later, after the composer death, by Louis Aubert, in 1957, at the request of the prominent French flutist, Jean Pierre Rampal. Paul Hindemith sonata for flute and piano (1936) In Hindemiths opera Mathis der Mahler, Grà ¼newald, a painter, realizes that he should never have betrayed his art for the sake of political activism. Hindemith though, never betrayed his versatile artistic personality and established a prominent career both as a performer and composer, demonstrating a manifold expressiveness. He aspired to create a new mentality in music, but not as an end in itself. The term Gebrauchsmusik (functional music) refers to his notion for music, which should be created to serve a purpose, because the days of composing only for the sake of composing were perhaps gone forever. By drawing on multiple styles and forms he explored all aspects of resourcefulness and complexity. His activity was not restricted only to the production of music, but he also took up a dynamic role as a tutor which is colligated with his series of simple works for children and amateurs. His theoretical treatise Unterweisung im Tonsatz, sets the basis for a new approach towards harmony and melodic shaping and the views expressed would influence the next generations of composers. Hindemith lived in an era of political turmoil and his revolutionary style could not have evaded Nazis attention, who deemed his music as Gà ¶bbels put it pure noise-making. Although Hindemith was naive enough to ignore (at the beginning at least) the Nazi threat, his sonata for flute and piano, composed in 1936, has incorporated this aspect, yielding a work that alludes to this sinister political environment and asserting the composers belief that an artist cannot remain untouched by the human suffering around him. The flute sonata was composed at a time of an increasing awareness by Hindemith of the looming danger and the subsequent need to flee his country. His emotional disposition is adumbrated in the second movement which conveys a suffering through its recitativo-like melody of the flute. One cannot fail to notice the fine irony emanating from the sonatas strict rhythmic form which dissolves into a childish-like melody, projecting the image of a child imitating a soldiers march. Hindemith, tried to capture the vanity of human arrogance in conjunction with the suffering and desperation. The flutist is required to render a wide palette of colors and emotions, from triumphant marches to bleak moments of agony and melancholy, by extending to the full range of the instrument. The piano has an emancipated part in the sonata and continuously moves in a contrapuntal way against the flute, hence sometimes its preferred with its lid open. The boundaries between minor and major chords and atonal parts become blurred, much as the boundaries between life and death at the time of the composition, the death which Hindemith eluded only by chance in multiple occasions.

Mental Health Of Older People Social Work Essay

Mental Health Of Older People Social Work Essay Promoting the mental health of older people is becoming an activity of increasing importance. In the incoming decades, there will be an increasing the number of older people. There will be fewer young people and young adults. In the year 2050, 30 percent of the people will be older than 65 years of age, while 11 percent of the people will be 80 years old and above. The word old age has no agreed upon definition. In most countries, people retire at an age of 60 to 65 years. This is considered the age when one becomes an older person. According to the European commission, there are three age groups that older people can be divided into. The first group is older workers from the age of 55 to 64. The second group is older people from the age of 65 to 79 years while the third group is 80 years and above. These older age groups are the most diverse in terms of education, attitudes, family background, social background, hobbies, preferences and political attachments. Mental health in later life models and issues There are six main factors that influence mental health. These are financial security, life span experiences, structural factors such as housing, employment, social support and individual coping skills. The mental health of older people as well as their well-being issues in older people are unique and have a greater relevance to them. Retirement is an issue that has great relevance to people who are 60 to 80 years age. As much as it means relief from responsibilities, retirement also mean a loss of status, less social relationships and a reduced role in life. This age group also suffers from health and physical deterioration, changing the environment from moving their home, loss of financial stability and a loss of sense of belonging. People who are 80 years and above increasingly lose their friends, family members and spouses. They use their sense of purpose in life and their functional ability deteriorates. These people constantly deal with bereavement, death and the fact that their own life is ending. Not all of those older people are the same. They have different values, life experiences, health, economic status and culture. When planning the promotion of the mental health for older people, all of these factors should be put into consideration. Continuity through the life course A persons continuity through life gives them a positive history filled with experiences. This continuity gives a person a set of values that guides their behaviour. When working with older people who have mental health needs, the strategies used should have a psychosocial and sociological perspective that can support the older people during their transition. Much of the work with older people relies on the continuity through their life. Every person has an internal and external self. In order for one to have a happy and successful old age, one needs to be supported in managing their life with a certain general framework. When it comes to the internal self, people should be allowed to make decisions like they have always done it, maintain their integrity and their self esteem. In the external self, people need to reciprocal relationships, continue in positive roles, preserve social support and compensate for mental and physical losses. Disruption of the internal and external elements is likely to heighten the unhappiness and poor self images of people. Having links in the past, being meaningfully active, feeling embedded within society and having the ability to continue living a life that coincides with ones personal beliefs can all contribute to living a successful and happy old age. No underestimation should be made when it comes to the significance of having social relationships and maintaining good mental health for the older people. Important factors that can prevent the risk of depression and social isolation in older people are intimate relationships, reciprocal relationships, quality of ties and the presence of a confidante. These factors should be available both at the community and in care homes. Ageism In society today, there exists a negative and depreciating attitude towards older people. While ageism affects all age groups, it is found to be more profound with older people. Ageism exists in politics, consumerism, media, voluntary life, crime, design, civic life and many other area of life. Age discrimination is an abuse of human rights that causes personal hardship and suffering and economic and cultural problems. It is therefore necessary for politicians to ensure that a change in human rights is implemented for the sake of older people. There must be no tolerance whatsoever to any kind of discrimination. In promoting mental health, it is especially important to ensure that age equality is promoted. Older people have the right to fully participate in the political, social, economic and cultural decision making processes of their societies. To promote respect and understanding between the young and older people, intergenerational activities can be used. Employees who serve the p ublic should also be trained and educated on how to respect and value the older people that they have direct contact with. In a recent survey carried out by (reference), it was found that 29 percent of people had suffered age discrimination when compared to other kinds of discrimination. This survey also found that by the age of 55 years, age discrimination was twice as likely to have been experiences as opposed to other forms of discrimination. Moreover, it is believed by 30 percent of people that there is more age discrimination today than there was five years ago, and this trend is likely to get worse. This survey also found out that the demographic shift towards a society with older people than younger people will make life worse in terms of education, security, health, living standards and jobs. In fact, one of the respondents from this surveys said that they viewed those who were 70 years old and above to be incapable and incompetent. On 1st October, 2006, a new law that was enforced by the Employment Equality Regulations came into effect in England, Scotland and Wales. This law protects people from age discrimination in employment, adult employment and training for people from all age groups. However, this new regulation does not provide protection from age discrimination in health care. It is therefore important for carers and social workers to describe their beliefs and values clearly and on a concise manner. Knowing ones values is an important guide while caring for the older people. To create a common shared vision between the carers and the social workers, it is important that an exercise to clarify their values be carried out. This practice will give the carers and social workers a shared vision and purpose. Promoting mental health and well being what might be involved in practice When working with older people, promoting their mental health should be seen as a part of everyday work and not as a special project. Since the older person might stay in the residential facility for a relatively short time, the activities dome to promote mental health should be both short term and long term. There are seven principles in promoting the mental health of oder people. The first principal is that the target group should be defined and how, when and where they can be reached is identified. The second principal is that the older people should be involved in developing a plan, implementing and evaluating the programmes and opportunities. The third principal is that the health and social needs for the older people should be addressed. The fourth principle is that the older people should be empowered and motivated to take initiatives to ensure their own health and wellbeing. The fifth principle is that barriers that affect the capacity of older people to participate in societ y should be identified. These barriers are social, economic and political in nature. After identifying these barriers, interventions should be done to overcome them. The sixth principle is that respect should be given to the independence and autonomy of older people. The last principle is that holistic and multi-faced interventions should be made to consider the mental, social and physical needs of older people. The relationship between these needs should also be considered. Several opportunities for involvement in activities that are meaningful for older people should be provided. Creative activities that older people can participate in are museums, arts, performances, libraries and other cultural events. The personal and social realisation of the older people can be fostered by lifelong learning programmes. Volunteering and community development initiative that older people can participate in can offer an additional form of beneficial participation. This participation will increase the mental health of the older person who is volunteering as well as the people receiving the services. Healthy lifestyle choices among older people should also be promoted. To have a good quality life, one must have good health. Having good physical health depends on a variety of factors. These factors include lifestyle, genetic makeup, choices, environmental factors and socioeconomic factors. Despite their daily activities being restricted by having a limiting long term illness, many older people consider themselves to be in good health. Adopting a healthy lifestyle can prevent or delay many of the chronic conditions that are found to affect people in their old age. A healthy lifestyle can be adopted by exercise, reducing alcohol intake, eating a balanced healthy diet and avoiding smoking. Aids and adaptations can be provided to help people keep mobile. Positive mental health can be promoted by providing encouragement, information and opportunities for older people to make healthy choices in their lifestyle. Physical actuivity and exercising opportunities should be provided. By exercising, a person has better physical health, increased psychological benefits, increased mental wellbeing and better functional ability. By engaging in different types of exercise, a person has different benefits to their mood, stress, self-esteem, sleep and alleviating or preventing the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Safe and healthy outdoor and indoor environments should be adopted for older peoples participation. An important measure in supporting the mental health in older people is enhancing their participation in the community. Older people should be enabled in engaging in the social activities at the wider community or at their residences. Ensuring the social participation of older people can be done by providing them with opportunities for participating in lifelong learning and political, cultural and economic decision making of their community. Secure and positive relationships that older people have with their relatives, friends or neighbours should be strengthened. These relationships are important because they contribute to good mental health of older people. The wellbeing of an older person can also be positively influenced by having a pet. Access to activities such as spiritual belief and faith communities should be ensured and recognised as important. The good mental health of older people is also ensured by having a satisfying sexual life. Poor mental health is risked when older people are isolated from society. For some older people, it is a positive experience for them to live alone because it means autonomy, self-support and independence for them. However, other people might find living alone to be a lonely experience especially if getting out of their home is difficult. Therefore, the community should organise befriending programmes that help older people in their everyday lives. Feelings of isolation and lonelin ess can be avoided by different kinds of clubs, social networks and recreation centres. Isolation can further be avoided by recognising the knowledge and skills contributed by older people and the provision of opportunities where the older people can share their skills with people from other age groups. Independent and safe living opportunities should be provided. Many older people want to live in their own homes for as long as they can because it provides them with feelings of autonomy band independence. These feelings can be enhanced by providing equipment that can facilitate mobility and communication in the support of smart home establishment solutions. Independent living can be enabled by providing domiciliary services such as home help, home adaptation assistance and providing adequate amenities through assistance with home improvements. Older people who have been victims of violence should be supported and any violence or abuse that affects older people should be tackled. In supporting them, the older people will be able to cope with the resulting psychological and physical ill effects. Appropriate social and health services should be provided. It is evident among older people that general health and mental health are strongly interrelated. Mental ill health is risked by poverty and poor physical health. It is therefore important that a social and health care system be provided. This care system will give easy access to psychiatric help, high quality primary and specialty health services, necessary social services, transport services and other benefits. To afford decent housing, travel, heating, occasional treats and social activities, older people want to have enough money. These activities help older people to fully participate in their families and communities. To maintain an increase in their income, older people should join individual retirement schemes that allows them to continue working even later in life. Mental well-being and carers Traditionally, it has been the role of some family members to provide care for older people at home. However, in this day and age, the social framework all over the world is changing. Caring for an older person, a person with disabilities and for a child in the family is a usual way of life even in the most developed information society-type society. In the European Union, millions of people are seen taking care of their partners or relatives. It is common to find that an elderly person is in charge of taking care of a frail older person. Nowadays, frail wives are taken care of by their husbands and vice versa. The experience of taking care of a spouse, child or a close friend is rewarding and mentally positive. The carer finds that their life has purpose and is more meaningful. On the other hand, being a care giver has psychological, financial, physical and social strains that may lead to feelings of loneliness and social isolation. Cares are at a high risk of developing psychological and physical ill health that shows that the carers need opportunities for respite and more effective social, financial and practical support. Those carers taking care of older people with dementia are likely to be burdened and have high levels of stress, depression and fatigue. Family caregivers should also be targeted when promoting mental health activities for older people to ensure that the carers needs are met as well. Conclusion We are all affected by wellbeing and mental health in later life. The reasons why we should pay attention to issues surrounding mental health in old age are economic, social and humanitarian in nature. Each one of us benefits from good mental health and wellbeing in later life because we are ensured that we will be able to lead long healthy lives that are fulfilling and enjoyable. Good mental health promotion for older people is a means by which we can maximise older peoples valuable contribution to economy and society. The costs that arise from poor mental health care are minimised at the same time. Social workers have been working for a long time with older people in promoting mental health. The mental social work profession is founded on the skills of mental social work. The work of social workers has been to stop disintegrating forces in families, individuals and social groups. Society needs the work done by social workers to continue because these disintegrating forces are still around us. A social worker is able to take up the challenge and help in promoting mental health in older people.

Future of the grocery store :: essays research papers

Where will the grocery industry be in the near future? Chester Sideman and his wife Carmen married 25 years ago. After they married they decided that they did not want to be typical working Americans who worked from 9-5 and retired at age 55. They had always envisioned running their own company and running it in the form that they saw fit. After thinking long and hard they decided to build a company from the era that they were from. Being that they were from the â€Å"hippie† era, they fell in love with the idea of running a grocery store that provided a healthy alternative to the grocery shopping experience. A few years after opening, Chester and Carmen began to notice a trend. They were seeing that their health food store was beginning to gain popularity with the locals here in San Francisco, since so many were from the same era. Seeing this, the couple decided that they needed to expand and take full advantage of their popularity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First they decided to expand into a neighboring store that had gone out of business. With this added space, they were able to triple their size and bring in an enormous variety of products that tied into the theme of the store. With this added size, they also found that they needed help in the day-to-day operations of running the store. Due to this fact they hired Craig Premer. Craig was a grocery industry professional that had worked for years in the business. He was also able to see the great potential that this store had.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After five years of Craig taking control of running the store, he had implemented all the ideas that he had to help build the grocery store. At this point, the store was doing great. Profit was double what it had been before Craig got there, but beginning to level off. Craig noticed this and had a talk with Chester and Carmen. Craig: Chester, we need to reevaluate what it is that you want out of this store at this point. I understand that this store has been doing very well the past few years, but with the increase in competition from stores like Whole Foods and Rainbow Grocery, I feel that changes need to be made. Chester: I know that our profits have been doing well and have started to level off, but do you think big changes need to be made?

Leadership and Discrimination in Croft Foods Essay -- Business Managem

Leadership and Discrimination in Croft Foods From my understanding Croft Foods have certainly demonstrated clear leadership in rather abstract terms. They have tried to reduce their production costs to an absolute minimum whilst attempting to produce and market as many products as possible. Klaus made effective communications with the employees and established the need to purchase new machinery which may have allowed the factory to work more efficiently and generate more profit. Leadership here was demonstrated by upper management conversing, with the factory floor directly, and making relevant employees aware of future developments, for example the fact that â€Å"further machinery is due to be installed later this year†. By recognizing a need with-in the market to remain competitive, and also delivery through spent time with employees. â€Å"Effective purchasing management and professional buying works better when a good strategic framework exists. Commonly, relationships between suppliers and customers are driven by personalities, or the needs of the moment, whereas relationships and purchasing strategy should ideally be based on a combination of factors reflecting the nature of each purchasing area, including: risk, complexity, value, the market and basic matters of supply and demand† 1 This theory suggests there is a vast array of issues which need to addressed whilst purchasing. There was obviously a need to work more efficiently, create more gross income, and allow employees to work to their optimum. In addition to satisfying the above, employees also felt listened too. Also by remaining distanced at suitable times from the factory floor at times they have been able to concentrate and free up time for other issues that may arise such as possible redundancies. Although the basic concept of these decisions may have necessary; it has all the hall marks of a ‘knee jerk reaction’. The decision to install new machinery without additional training was inevitably going to cause a skills gap and evidently cause a low working morale to sink further. Advice from the machinery supplier could have been sought after to perhaps provide guidance on the new machinery and thus offer advice on employee training. This would have leaded to a more structured and organised approach to productivity as well as improve factory morale... ... and Limitations All employees can expect a fair performance related pay which works on the basis of company loyalty and productivity. Performance related pay will reflect the level of success or decline, which ever is relevant. Employees are expected to speak to the nominated 'team leader' regarding any problems which it would like to be addressed to management in connection with ideas. Management whom are responsible to Managerial Director; must remain diligent to the concerns and welfare of fellow employees never abusing their positions. Stakeholder shares in Croft foods will be awarded on performance and loyalty basis. Senior Management will have their company shares capped. Training Training for all employees will be mandatory. Review These policies will be reviewed on a regular basis in keeping with the interests of every employee at Croft Foods. Bibliography Management and Organizational Behaviour, Prentice Hall, Seventh Edition 2005 by Laurie J. Mullins2 www.businessballs.com/buyingtechniques.htm1 www.womenandequalqualityunit.gov.uk/legislation/equal_pay_act.htm3 www.bized.ac.uk/compfact/mcdonalds/mc15.htm4 www.mcdonalds.com5

Definition Essay †Different Meanings of Private -- Definition Essays

Definition Essay – Different Meanings of Private â€Å"Property is a central economic institution of any society, and private property is the central institution of a free society.† This was a quote by David Friedman (Friedman). The word dealt with in this essay is ‘private’ and this quote exactly examines one of the prime meanings of private. The main aim of my essay is to explain the different meanings of the word private and to explain the significance and variations of its usage over the past decades. My research regarding the meaning of the word private was accounted from three dictionaries. The three dictionaries that have been selected are - Webster’s New World dictionary of the American language (1961), Webster – An American dictionary of the English language(1844) and Oxford English Dictionary (1989) According to all these dictionaries private had three differentiable meanings. The first one was - of concerning a particular person or a group, not general for example private property, a private joke or view etc, and also in other words not open to the public or controlled...

Cause or Effect of Gambling

Cause or Effect of Gambling â€Å"Che-Ching! † â€Å"Yes! Jackpot! † shouted the man as he jumped up and down. However, will his happiness last forever? The nest time the man gambled, the money in his pocket completely turned to dust. From that day onwards, like a broken glass, his life is destroyed and almost impossible to bring back happiness. From this man’s case, clearly there are several negative effects of gambling. First of all, gambling will cause a person to have bankruptcy. Luck is not always by our side.When a person grasps a lot of money, he will have more urge to gamble and eventually lose all of his money in the end. Following up by bankruptcy, gamblers will face many hard times with loan shark. Most of them are unable to pay back as the interest rate gradually increases. Time after time, loan shark will disturb their lives and force them to pay back in any chance. Reports review that loan shark can be so inhumane that they will wreck and destroy th e victim’s house, kidnap and blackmail any family members, or even strangle them to death.Subsequently, gamblers will have a broken relationship with their family. Their action brings disgrace on the whole family due to bankruptcy and being hooked by loan sharks. More trouble will occur and family members have to leave them alone, desolated and unwanted, those gamblers are led to only one road, suicidal. In conclusion, gambling can ruin and even ends a person's life. So before one choose to gamble, one must consider the deadly effects of gambling, before thinking of being filthy rich.

Costs and Direct Labor Cost

Midterm2Practice rouge 1. The quest data have been put down for recently completed Job 501 on its job live sheet. site substantials bell was $3,067. A total of 30 immediately outwear-hours and 104 utensil-hours were worked on the job. The leave agitate clear up income rate is $12 per apprehend-hour. The guild applies manufacturing command processing viewgraph time on the basis of railway carhours. The predetermined bash rate is $11 per machine-hour. The total be for the job on its job make up sheet would be A. $4,571 B. $3,757 C. $3,090 D. 3,427 Applied manufacturing disk command processing budget items time = Predetermined crash rate x Actual machine-hours Applied manufacturing disk overhead = $11 x 104 Applied manufacturing overhead = $1,144 entire exist = locate materials + Direct ram + Applied manufacturing overhead congeries hail of Job 607 = $3,067 + (30 x $12) + $1,144 = $4,571 Loraine friendship applies manufacturing overhead to jobs using a predetermined overhead rate of 70% of address labor damage. Any underapplied or overapplied overhead constitute is closed to Cost of Goods Sold at the end of the month. During r arefied, the following transactions were save by the company 2.The amount of institutionalise materials comprise in the August 31 Work in Process scrutinize handbill was A. $10, two hundred B. $9,000 C. $4,800 D. $4,200 3. The Cost of Goods Manufactured for August was A. $69,600 B. $69,500 C. $76,900 D. $84,500 4. The balance on August 1 in the Raw Materials inventory account was A. $4,500 B. $7,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,500 5. Schrick Inc. manufactures a variety of fruits. varying star salute net income in operation(p) income was $86,800 last stratum and ending inventory increased by 1,900 units. fixed manufacturing overhead apostrophize was $6 per unit. What was the engrossment bell net operating income last class? A. 86,800 B. $75,400 C. $98,200 D. $11,400 Fixed manufacturing overhead d eferred = $6 x 1,900 = $11,400 Absorption be net income = Variable be net operating income + Fixed manufacturing overhead deferred = $86,800 + $11,400 = $98,200 6. Ben Company produces a single mathematical product. Last socio-economic class, the companys net operating income under absorption be was $4,400 lower than under shifting appealing. The company sold 8,000 units during the category, and its multivariate be were $8 per unit, of which $3 was variable selling expense. Fixed manufacturing overhead was $1 per unit in beginning inventory under absorption greeting.How many units did the company produce during the year? A. 12,400 units B. 3,600 units C. 7,120 units D. 7,450 units social unit fixed manufacturing overhead = (Difference in income / Change in inventory) = $4,400 Change in inventory = $1 Change in inventory = 4,400 units building blocks produced during the year = 8,000 units sold 4,400 units counter interpolate in inventory = 3,600 units Ross Company pro duces a single product. The company has direct materials cost of $8 per unit, direct labor be of $6 per unit, and manufacturing overhead of $10 per unit. lx percent of the manufacturing overhead is for fixed be.In addition, variable selling and administrative costs are $2 per unit, and fixed selling and administrative costs are $3 per unit at the current natural process level. fatigue that direct labor is a variable cost. 7. Under absorption costing, the unit product cost is A. $24 B. $20 C. $26 D. $29 Unit product cost = Direct materials + Direct labor + Variable manufacturing overhead cost + Fixed manufacturing overhead cost = $8 + $6 + $10* = $24 * Manufacturing overhead cost of $10 includes variable and fixed costs. 8. Under variable costing, the unit product cost is A. $24 B. $20 C. $18 D. 21 Unit product cost = Direct materials + Direct labor + Variable manufacturing overhead = $8 + $6 + $10 x (100% 60%) = $8 + $6 + $4= $18 9. Viren Corporation has provided the following data from its activity- shewd costing trunk The company makes 240 units of product T91H a year, requiring a total of 550 machine-hours, 90 orders, and 40 inspection-hours per year. The products direct materials cost is $16. 98 per unit and its direct labor cost is $12. 09 per unit. agree to the activity-based costing system, the average cost of product T91H is closest to A. $79. 66 per unit B. 90. 81 per unit C. $29. 07 per unit D. $75. 70 per unit 10. Data concerning three of the activity cost kitty-cats of Bramhall LLC, a legal firm, have been provided under The activity rate for the clashing with clients activity cost share is closest to A. $ one hundred twenty-five per meeting hour B. $65 per meeting hour C. $80 per meeting hour D. $665,500 per meeting hour Kleppe Corporation has provided the following data from its activity-based costing accounting system The Other activity cost pool consists of the costs of idle capacity and organization-sustaining costs that are not as sign to products. 1. How a lot indirect pulverization stipend and factory equipment depreciation cost would be assigned to the Customer Orders activity cost pool? A. $240,000 B. $72,000 C. $68,000 D. $480,000 12. How much indirect factory wages and factory equipment depreciation cost would not be assigned to products using the activity-based costing system? A. $0 B. $68,000 C. $280,000 D. $200,000 13. In this problem, thither are three possible overhead assignation bases direct labor (present system), machine hours (the proposed system), and proceeds of destinyes.First, calculate product costs under each of the three allocation schemes (a). Direct labor cost as the allocation base (present system) Blueaffairs 120,000 . 50 $60,000 95. 238% 342,857 60,000 $462,857 $ 3. 857 Graythings 6,000 . 50 $3,000 4. 762% 17,143 3,000 $23,143 $ 3. 857 Total 126,000 Number of units Direct labor/unit Direct labor cost % of total direct labor cost smash-up allocated Direct material cost Total cost Unit cost $63,000 360,000 63,000 $486,000 (b). Machine hours as the allocation base (proposed system) Bluethings 120,000 600 200 20 4000 95. 38% $342,857 60,000 60,000 $462,857 $ 3. 857 Graythings 6,000 30 200 1 200 4. 762% $17,143 3,000 3,000 $23,143 $ 3. 857 Total 126,000 Number of units/year ? number of units/batch Number of batches/year x number of hours per batch Number of machine hours/year % of total machine hours Overhead allocated Direct labor cost Direct material cost Total cost Unit cost 4200 $360,000 63,000 63,000 $486,000 (c). Number of batches as the allocation base Bluethings 120,000 600 200 50% $180,000 60,000 60,000 $300,000 $2. 50 Graythings 6,000 30 200 50% $180,000 3,000 3,000 $186,000 $31. 0 Total 126,000 400 Number of units/year ? number of units/batch Number of batches/year % of total batches Overhead allocated Direct labor cost Direct material cost Total cost Unit cost $360,000 63,000 63,000 $486,000 Notice that allocating overhead by each direct labor or machine hours produces identical product costs. Thus, the proposed system change will not affect finale making. There are two cost rentrs in Set-up Company. Unit volume drives direct materials and direct labor, but set-ups (number of batches) appear to drive overhead costs.Allocating overhead using direct labor gives an incorrect impression of how overhead costs vary and distorts product costs. Overhead costs are incurred in setups. eyepatch run times per unit of thing is the same for blues and grays, batch sizes disagree considerably. In fact, bluethings and graythings each required 200 batches. Therefore, each product line (as conflicting to each unit of product) should be allocated an jibe dollar amount of overhead. If this is done, then graythings function massive losers and bluethings are seen to be profitable, crimson with market price of $3 per unit.